Reduced radial and branch growth, loss of apical dominance in branches (a condition called deliquescent branching), and progressive decline are typical symptoms of ash yellows. Shortened twig growth is common, resulting in tufted foliage. Leaves of infected trees are often smaller than normal and light green in color, and they may develop early fall coloration.

Eventually a progressive dieback of branches begins, and witches' brooms may develop. Witches' brooms occur most frequently on trees with severe dieback and on stumps of diseased trees. They commonly develop at the base of trunks but occasionally can be found several feet above ground. Vertical cracks often occur on the lower trunk.

Symptom progression is slower and the disease less severe in green ash than in white ash. Although witches' brooms are diagnostic for ash yellows, only a small percentage of infected trees display this symptom. Laboratory confirmation of ash yellows is based on a staining technique using a fluorescence microscope.

Emerald Ash Borer symptoms mimic Ash Yellows so proper identification is important.  

Life Cycle

The ash yellows pathogen (a phytoplasma) is presumed to be spread by phloem-feeding insects such as leafhoppers. Little is known about other hosts for this phytoplasma, but research is ongoing.  

Management

• There are currently no measures to control this disease. Trees with this disease should be removed.
• Species diversity in landscapes and forest stands will reduce the overall impact of tree loss due to ash yellows.
• Cultural practices to reduce tree stress might help to slow the progression of symptoms.